Chapter 3 – Wages: Historic gap between productivity and
compensation during recoveries
Table 3.1: Median wage and compensation growth and productivity annual growth in recoveries, 1975-2007
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Figure 3A: Productivity and median compensation by education, 1995-2007
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Table 3.2: Trends in average wages and average hours, 1967-2006 (2007 dollars)
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Table 3.3: Growth of average hourly wages, benefits, and compensation, 1948-2007 (2007 dollars)
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Table 3.4: Hourly and weekly earnings of private production and nonsupervisory workers,* 1947-2007 (2007 dollars)
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Figure 3B: Hourly wage and compensation growth for production/nonsupervisory workers, 1959-2007
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Table 3.5: Wages for all workers by wage percentile, 1973-2007 (2007 dollars)
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Table 3.6: Wages for male workers by wage percentile, 1973-2007 (2007 dollars)
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Figure 3C: Change in real hourly wages for men by wage percentile, 1973-2007
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Table 3.7: Wages for female workers by wage percentile, 1973-2007 (2007 dollars)
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Figure 3.D: Change in real hourly wages for women by wage percentile, 1973-2007
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Table 3.8: Distribution of employment by wage level, all workers and whites, 1973-2007
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Table 3.9: Distribution of employment by wage level, blacks and Hispanics, 1973-2007
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Figure 3E: Share of workers earning poverty-level wages, by gender, 1973-2007
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Figure 3F: Share of workers earning poverty-level wages, by race, 1973-2007
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Figure 3G: Top 1% share of total wages and salaries, 1947-2006
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Table 3.10: Changes in the distribution and level of wages and salaries, 1979-2006
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Figure 3H: Annual wage growth, by wage group, 1973-2006
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Table 3.11: Growth of specific fringe benefits, 1987-2007 (2007 dollars)
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Table 3.12: Change in private sector employer-provided health insurance coverage, 1979-2006
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Table 3.13: Change in private sector employer-provided pension coverage, 1979-2006
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Figure 3.I: Private-sector employer-provided health insurance coverage, 1979-2006
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Figure 3.J: Share of pension participants in defined-contribution and defined-benefit plans, 1980-2004
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Table 3.14: Dimensions of wage inequality, 1973-2007
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Figure 3K: Men’s wage inequality, 1973-2007
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Figure 3L: Women’s wage inequality, 1973-2007
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Figure 3M: 95/50 percentile wage inequality, 1973-2007
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Figure 3N: College/high school wage premium, 1973-2007
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Figure 3O: Productivity and hourly compensation growth, 1973-2007
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Table 3.15: Real hourly wage for all by education, 1973-2007 (2007 dollars)
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Table 3.16: Real hourly wage for men by education, 1973-2007 (2007 dollars)
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Table 3.17: Real hourly wage for women by education, 1973-2007 (2007 dollars)
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Table 3.18: Educational attainment of employed, 2007
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Table 3.19: Hourly wages of entry-level and experienced workers by education, 1973-2007 (2007 dollars)
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Figure 3P: Entry-level wages of male and female high school graduates, 1973-2007
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Figure 3Q: Entry-level wages of male and female college graduates, 1973-2007
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Figure 3R: Health and pension benefit coverage for recent high school graduates,1979-2006
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Figure 3S: Health and pension benefit coverage for recent college graduates, 1979-2006
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Table 3.20: Hourly wages by decile within education groups, 1973-2007 (2007 dollars)
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Table 3.21: Decomposition of total and within-group wage inequality, 1973-2007
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Table 3.22: Hourly wage growth by gender, race/ethnicity, 1989-2007
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Table 3.23: The gender wage ratio, 1973-2007
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Figure 3T: Wage gap profile by cohort*
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Table 24: Impact of rising and falling unemployment on wage levels and wage ratios, 1979-2000
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Figure 3U: Unemployment, 1973-2007
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Table 3.25: Employment growth by sector, 1979-2007
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Table 3.26: Annual pay of expanding and contracting industries, 1979-2007
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Figure 3V: Imports, exports, and trade balance as percent of GDP
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Figure 3W: Manufacturing imports as a share of U.S. GDP
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Figure 3X: Relative productivity of U.S. trading partners
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Table 3.27: Effect of trade on composition of employment by education level, 1979-2005
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Table 3.28: Estimated relative wage impact of trade based on Krugman CGE model*
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Table 3.29: Characteristics of offshorable jobs
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Figure 3Y: Wage premium of offshorable jobs
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Table 3.30: Share of Mexican and other immigrants in workforce, 1940-2007
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Table 3.31: Percent distribution of educational attainment of immigrants, 1940-2007
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Figure 3Z: Union coverage rate in the United States, 1973-2007
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Table 3.32: Union wage premium by demographic group, 2007
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Table 3.33: Union premiums for health, retirement, and paid leave
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Table 3.34: Union impact on paid leave, pension, and health benefits
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Table 3.35: Effect of declining union power on male wage differentials, 1978-2005
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Table 3.36: Union wage premium for subgroups
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Table 3.37: Impact of unions on average wages of high school graduates
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Figure 3AA: Real value of the minimum wage, 1960-2009
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Table 3.38: Value of the minimum wage, 1960-2009
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Figure 3AB: Minimum wage as a percent of average hourly earnings, 1964-2007
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Table 3.39: Characteristics of workers affected by minimum wage increase to $7.25 by 2009
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Figure 3AC: Value of federal minimum wage compared to share of workforce covered by higher
state minimums
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Table 3.40: Changes in the college wage premium and the supply and demand for college educated workers, 1915-2005
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Figure 3AD: Growth in relative demand for college graduates, 1950-2005
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Figure 3AE: Ratio of average and median CEO total direct compensation to average worker pay, 1965-2007
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Table 3.41: Executive annual pay,* 1989-2007 (2007 dollars)
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Table 3.42: CEO pay in advanced countries, 1988-2005 ($2005)
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Table 3.43: Effect of changing occupational composition on education and training requirements and earnings, 2006-16
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Figure 3AF: Education requirements of current and future jobs, 2006-16
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Insert A: Documentation and Methodology, Appendices A and B, Table notes, Figure notes, Bibliography [download PDF]
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